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ps [-aCcefhjlMmrSTuvwx] [-O fmt] [-o fmt] [-p pid] [-t tty] [-U username]
ps [-L]
DESCRIPTION
Ps displays a header line followed by lines containing information about
your processes that have controlling terminals. This information is
sorted by controlling terminal, then by process ID.
The information displayed is selected based on a set of keywords (see the
-L -O and -o options). The default output format includes, for each pro-
cess, the process' ID, controlling terminal, cpu time (including both us-
er and system time), state, and associated command.
The process file system (see procfs(5) ) should be mounted when ps is ex-
ecuted, otherwise not all information will be available.
The options are as follows:
-a Display information about other users' processes as well as your
own.
-c Change the ``command'' column output to just contain the exe-
cutable name, rather than the full command line.
-C Change the way the cpu percentage is calculated by using a
``raw'' cpu calculation that ignores ``resident'' time (this nor-
mally has no effect).
-e Display the environment as well.
-f Show commandline and environment information about swapped out
processes. This option is honored only if the uid of the user is
0.
-h Repeat the information header as often as necessary to guarantee
one header per page of information.
-j Print information associated with the following keywords: user,
pid, ppid, pgid, sess, jobc, state, tt, time and command.
-L List the set of available keywords.
-l Display information associated with the following keywords: uid,
pid, ppid, cpu, pri, nice, vsz, rss, wchan, state, tt, time and
command.
-M Print the threads corresponding to each task.
-m Sort by memory usage, instead of by process ID.
-O Add the information associated with the space or comma separated
list of keywords specified, after the process ID, in the default
ited children to their parent process.
-T Display information about processes attached to the device asso-
ciated with the standard input.
-t Display information about processes attached to the specified
terminal device.
-U Display the processes belonging to the specified username.
-u Display information associated with the following keywords: user,
pid, %cpu, %mem, vsz, rss, tt, state, start, time and command.
The -u option implies the -r option.
-v Display information associated with the following keywords: pid,
state, time, sl, re, pagein, vsz, rss, lim, tsiz, %cpu, %mem and
command. The -v option implies the -m option.
-w Use 132 columns to display information, instead of the default
which is your window size. If the -w option is specified more
than once, ps will use as many columns as necessary without re-
gard for your window size.
-x Display information about processes without controlling termi-
nals.
A complete list of the available keywords are listed below. Some of
these keywords are further specified as follows:
%cpu The cpu utilization of the process; this is a decaying average
over up to a minute of previous (real) time. Since the time base
over which this is computed varies (since processes may be very
young) it is possible for the sum of all %CPU fields to exceed
100%.
%mem The percentage of real memory used by this process.
flags The flags associated with the process as in the include file
<sys/proc.h>:
P_ADVLOCK 0x00001 Process may hold a POSIX advisory
lock
P_CONTROLT 0x00002 Has a controlling terminal
P_INMEM 0x00004 Loaded into memory
P_NOCLDSTOP 0x00008 No SIGCHLD when children stop
P_PPWAIT 0x00010 Parent is waiting for child to
exec/exit
P_PROFIL 0x00020 Has started profiling
P_SELECT 0x00040 Selecting; wakeup/waiting danger
P_SINTR 0x00080 Sleep is interruptible
P_SUGID 0x00100 Had set id privileges since last
exec
lim The soft limit on memory used, specified via a call to
setrlimit(2).
lstart The exact time the command started, using the ``%c'' format de-
scribed in strftime(3).
nice The process scheduling increment (see setpriority(2)).
rss the real memory (resident set) size of the process (in 1024 byte
units).
start The time the command started. If the command started less than
24 hours ago, the start time is displayed using the ``%l:ps.1p''
format described in strftime(3). If the command started less
than 7 days ago, the start time is displayed using the
``%a6.15p'' format. Otherwise, the start time is displayed using
the ``%e%b%y'' format.
state The state is given by a sequence of letters, for example,
``RWNA''. The first letter indicates the run state of the pro-
cess:
D Marks a process in disk (or other short term, uninter-
ruptible) wait.
I Marks a process that is idle (sleeping for longer than
about 20 seconds).
R Marks a runnable process.
S Marks a process that is sleeping for less than about 20
seconds.
T Marks a stopped process.
Z Marks a dead process (a ``zombie'').
Additional characters after these, if any, indicate additional
state information:
+ The process is in the foreground process group of its
control terminal.
< The process has raised CPU scheduling priority.
> The process has specified a soft limit on memory require-
ments and is currently exceeding that limit; such a pro-
cess is (necessarily) not swapped.
A the process has asked for random page replacement
(VA_ANOM, from vadvise(2), for example, lisp(1) in a
garbage collect).
E The process is trying to exit.
L The process has pages locked in core (for example, for
raw I/O).
N The process has reduced CPU scheduling priority (see
setpriority(2)).
S The process has asked for FIFO page replacement (VA_SEQL,
from vadvise(2), for example, a large image processing
wchan The event (an address in the system) on which a process waits.
When printed numerically, the initial part of the address is
trimmed off and the result is printed in hex, for example,
0x80324000 prints as 324000.
When printing using the command keyword, a process that has exited and
has a parent that has not yet waited for the process (in other words, a
zombie) is listed as ``<defunct>'', and a process which is blocked while
trying to exit is listed as ``<exiting>''. Ps makes an educated guess as
to the file name and arguments given when the process was created by ex-
amining memory or the swap area. The method is inherently somewhat unre-
liable and in any event a process is entitled to destroy this informa-
tion, so the names cannot be depended on too much. The ucomm (account-
ing) keyword can, however, be depended on.
KEYWORDS
The following is a complete list of the available keywords and their
meanings. Several of them have aliases (keywords which are synonyms).
%cpu percentage cpu usage (alias pcpu)
%mem percentage memory usage (alias pmem)
acflag accounting flag (alias acflg)
command command and arguments
cpu short-term cpu usage factor (for scheduling)
flags the process flags, in hexadecimal (alias f)
inblk total blocks read (alias inblock)
jobc job control count
ktrace tracing flags
ktracep tracing vnode
lim memoryuse limit
logname login name of user who started the process
lstart time started
majflt total page faults
minflt total page reclaims
msgrcv total messages received (reads from pipes/sockets)
msgsnd total messages sent (writes on pipes/sockets)
nice nice value (alias ni)
nivcsw total involuntary context switches
nsigs total signals taken (alias nsignals)
nswap total swaps in/out
nvcsw total voluntary context switches
nwchan wait channel (as an address)
oublk total blocks written (alias oublock)
p_ru resource usage (valid only for zombie)
paddr swap address
pagein pageins (same as majflt)
pgid process group number
pid process ID
poip pageouts in progress
ppid parent process ID
pri scheduling priority
sigmask blocked signals (alias blocked)
sl sleep time (in seconds; 127 = infinity)
start time started
state symbolic process state (alias stat)
svgid saved gid from a setgid executable
svuid saved uid from a setuid executable
tdev control terminal device number
time accumulated cpu time, user + system (alias cputime)
tpgid control terminal process group ID
tsess control terminal session pointer
tsiz text size (in Kbytes)
tt control terminal name (two letter abbreviation)
tty full name of control terminal
uprocp process pointer
ucomm name to be used for accounting
uid effective user ID
upr scheduling priority on return from system call (alias usrpri)
user user name (from uid)
vsz virtual size in Kbytes (alias vsize)
wchan wait channel (as a symbolic name)
xstat exit or stop status (valid only for stopped or zombie process)
FILES
/dev special files and device names
/var/run/dev.db /dev name database
/var/db/kvm_kernel.db system namelist database
/proc the mount point of procfs(5)
SEE ALSO
kill(1), w(1), kvm(3), strftime(3), procfs(5), pstat(8)
BUGS
Since ps cannot run faster than the system and is run as any other sched-
uled process, the information it displays can never be exact.
4th Berkeley Distribution April 18, 1994 5
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