ls [-ACFLRSTWacdfgiklnoqrstux1] [file ...]

DESCRIPTION

     For each operand that names a file of a type other than directory, ls
     displays its name as well as any requested, associated information.  For
     each operand that names a file of type directory, ls displays the names
     of files contained within that directory, as well as any requested, asso-
     ciated information.

     If no operands are given, the contents of the current directory are dis-
     played.  If more than one operand is given, non-directory operands are
     displayed first; directory and non-directory operands are sorted sepa-
     rately and in lexicographical order.

     The following options are available:

     -A      List all entries except for `.' and `..'. Always set for the su-
             per-user.

     -C      Force multi-column output; this is the default when output is to
             a terminal.

     -F      Display a slash (/) immediately after each pathname that is a di-
             rectory, an asterisk (*) after each that is executable, an at
             sign (@) after each symbolic link, a percent sign (%) after each
             whiteout, an equal sign (=) after each socket, and a vertical bar
             (|) after each that is a FIFO.

     -L      If argument is a symbolic link, list the file or directory the
             link references rather than the link itself.

     -R      Recursively list subdirectories encountered.

     -S      Sort by size, largest file first.

     -T      Display complete time information for the file, including month,
             day, hour, minute, second, and year.

     -W      Display whiteouts when scanning directories.

     -a      Include directory entries whose names begin with a dot (.).

     -c      Use time when file status was last changed for sorting or print-
             ing.

     -d      Directories are listed as plain files (not searched recursively)
             and symbolic links in the argument list are not indirected
             through.

     -f      Output is not sorted.

     -g      Does nothing; kept for compatibility with older versions of
             to a user or group name in a long (-l) output.

     -o      Include the file flags in a long (-l) output.

     -q      Force printing of non-graphic characters in file names as the
             character `?'; this is the default when output is to a terminal.

     -r      Reverse the order of the sort to get reverse lexicographical or-
             der or the smallest or oldest entries first.

     -s      Display the number of file system blocks actually used by each
             file, in units of 512 bytes, where partial units are rounded up
             to the next integer value.  If the output is to a terminal, a to-
             tal sum for all the file sizes is output on a line before the
             listing.

     -t      Sort by time modified (most recently modified first) before sort-
             ing the operands by lexicographical order.

     -u      Use time of last access, instead of last modification of the file
             for sorting (-t) or printing (-l).

     -x      Multi-column output sorted across the page rather than down the
             page.

     -v      Force unedited printing of non-graphic characters; this is the
             default when output is not to a terminal.

     -1      (The numeric digit ``one.'')  Force output to be one entry per
             line.  This is the default when output is not to a terminal.

     The -1, -C, -l, and -x options all override each other; the last one
     specified determines the format used.

     The -c, and -u options override each other; the last one specified deter-
     mines the file time used.

     By default, ls lists one entry per line to standard output; the excep-
     tions are to terminals or when the -C option is specified.

     File information is displayed with one or more <blank>s separating the
     information associated with the -i, -s, and -l options.

   The Long Format
     If the -l option is given, the following information is displayed for
     each file: file mode, number of links, owner name, group name, number of
     bytes in the file, abbreviated month, day-of-month file was last modi-
     fied, hour file last modified, minute file last modified, and the path-
     name.  In addition, for each directory whose contents are displayed, the
     total number of 512-byte blocks used by the files in the directory is
     displayed on a line by itself immediately before the information for the
     files in the directory.
           c     Character special file.
           d     Directory.
           l     Symbolic link.
           s     Socket link.
           w     Whiteout.
           -     Regular file.

     The next three fields are three characters each: owner permissions, group
     permissions, and other permissions.  Each field has three character posi-
     tions:

           1.   If r, the file is readable; if -, it is not readable.

           2.   If w, the file is writable; if -, it is not writable.

           3.   The first of the following that applies:

                      S     If in the owner permissions, the file is not exe-
                            cutable and set-user-ID mode is set.  If in the
                            group permissions, the file is not executable and
                            set-group-ID mode is set.

                      s     If in the owner permissions, the file is exe-
                            cutable and set-user-ID mode is set.  If in the
                            group permissions, the file is executable and set-
                            group-ID mode is set.

                      x     The file is executable or the directory is search-
                            able.

                      -     The file is neither readable, writable, exe-
                            cutable, nor set-user-ID nor set-group-ID mode,
                            nor sticky. (See below.)

                These next two apply only to the third character in the last
                group (other permissions).

                      T     The sticky bit is set (mode 1000), but not execute
                            or search permission. (See chmod(1) or sticky(8).)

                      t     The sticky bit is set (mode 1000), and is search-
                            able or executable.  (See chmod(1) or sticky(8).)

     The ls utility exits 0 on success, and >0 if an error occurs.

ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES

     The following environment variables affect the execution of :

     BLOCKSIZE  If the environment variable BLOCKSIZE is set, and the -k op-
                tion is not specified, the block counts (see -s) will be dis-
                played in units of that size block.

     ification.

SEE ALSO

     chmod(1),  symlink(7),  sticky(8)

STANDARDS

     The ls utility is expected to be a superset of the IEEE Std1003.2
     (``POSIX'') specification.

HISTORY

     An ls utility appeared in

BSD Experimental                 July 29, 1994                               4